A Comparative Analysis of Shamanistic healers in Celtic...

Many different forms of medicine are currently practiced in the world. In fact, as our text states, â€Å"in all cultures, some people have become recognized as having special abilities to treat and diagnose health problems.† (Miller 107) Without argument, phytomedicinal and supernatural healers are two forms of medical treatment that have been around for longer than any other, regardless of culture. It has been estimated that shamanism has been practiced for over ten thousand years (Tyson 3). Native American and Celtic healers are often known as shamans. Shamanism has always been an interest of mine, mainly in the Native American and Celtic Irish forms of medicine. Native Americans as well as Celtics have always held a certain mystique that†¦show more content†¦For the purpose of this paper, we will examine the similarities and differences between Irish Celtic and Native American shamans and their position in their respective cultures. For the Native American shaman the world of animals, the world of plants, the world of minerals, and the world of humans are all intertwined (Wolfe 3). Shamans in the Native American culture are viewed as a revered member of society, are often male, and are the sole healers of their people. While anyone can become a shaman in the Native American culture, the attainment of the status is an arduous process, and is considered a feat of great courage. The introduction of self to the spiritual world in such an intimate way has been considered dangerous because of the risk of insanity, as well as the risk of possession by angry spirits (Wolfe 237). From ancient times to modern times, shamans have been considered to be the link between the physical world and the spiritual world. (Wolfe 3). The Native American shamans utilize many sacred objects in their workings, which are considered sacred solely because they come from nature. These include talismans, spirit animals, totem helpers, ritual items, and spirit helpers (Wolfe, 9). Tobacco and other herbs, cornmeal, small shells, stones, and totems are important elements to their healing practices (Wolfe 20). Regardless of the methods that the shamans may use in healing, many Native American shamans believe that no one person heals

Nuclear Warfare Between The Soviet Union And The Cold War

â€Å"The most terrifying moment in my life was October 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis†¦.† The Cuban Missile Crisis was started by the tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States, which shaped Communist Cuba; this was the brink of nuclear warfare between both sides that left its effects on both the world and the sides involved. The United States and Soviet Union were both involved in the Cold War, especially when tensions between the two reached a new high. As tensions were rising the island of Cuba decided to become a Communist nation that would trade nuclear weaponry. The trading would almost cause all out nuclear warfare, but it was solved leaving its own effects on the world. The Cold War would be a major contributing†¦show more content†¦Since combat was scarce, the war was mostly fought through propaganda, economic aid to other allies, military aid to other allies, political overthrow, and an arms race build up. These contributing f actors made the Cold War â€Å"cold†, although â€Å"hot war† features would soon set in. As tensions rose between the United States and the Soviet Union, the once â€Å"Cold War† became â€Å"hot.† Factors that contributed to rising tensions were political shifts and confrontations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Both superpowers had global connections with other nations, which made local conflicts a big part of the Cold War. In many of these local conflicts the United States and its allies supported one side, while the Soviet Bloc supported the other. This allowed the two superpowers to confront each other indirectly instead of head to head. In 1949, China was overrun by Communist forces, which scared the U.S. because of the domino theory. The domino theory stated that once one nation fell to Communism many more would follow like the falling of dominoes. During this time, many European colonies sought the help of either superpower to help them gain their independence. This is how the Cold War became very â€Å"hot.† In many battles f or independence, shooting wars broke out between the two sides, which included the two superpowers. In some places the brutal conflicts tore the

Third Generation (3g) Wireless White Paper Free Essays

string(86) " 2G wireless technology is known as Global Systems for Mobile Communications \(GSM\)\." March 2000 Third Generation (3G) Wireless White Paper Trillium Digital Systems, Inc. March 2000 Trillium Digital Systems, Inc. 12100 Wilshire Blvd. We will write a custom essay sample on Third Generation (3g) Wireless White Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Suite 1800 Los Angeles, CA 90025-7118 Phone: +1 (310) 442-9222 Fax: +1 (310) 442-1162 Web: http://www. trillium. com (c) 1989 – 2000. Trillium Digital Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Trillium and Trillium Digital Systems are registered trademarks of Trillium Digital Systems, Inc. Other referenced trademarks are trademarks (registered or otherwise) of the respective trademark owners. Printed in U. S.A Information relating to the products furnished herein by Trillium Digital Systems, Inc. is believed to be accurate and reliable. Trillium assumes no liability for errors that may appear in this document, or for liability otherwise arising from the application or use of any such information or product or for any infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights owned by third parties which may result from such application or use. The products, their specifications and the information appearing in this document are subject to change without notice. March 2000 Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.Introduction 3G Wireless Market Drivers Existing Mobile Networks Next Generation Mobile Networks Evolution to 3G Wireless Technology Comparison of 2G and 3G Mobile Networks Trillium’s Wireless Software Solution About Trillium March 2000 1. Introduction Third Generation (3G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless communications into on-line, real-time connectivity. 3G wireless technology will allow an individual to have immediate access to location-specific services that offer information on demand. The first generation of mobile phones consisted of the analog models that emerged in the early 1980s.The second generation of digital mobile phones appeared about ten years later along with the first digital mobile networks. During the second generation, the mobile telecommunications industry experienced exponential growth both in terms of subscribers as well as new types of value-added services. Mobile phones are rapidly becoming the preferred means of personal communication, creating the world’s largest consumer electronics industry. The rapid and efficient deployment of new wireless data and Internet services has emerged as a critical priority for communications equipment manufacturers.Network components that enable wireless data services are fundamental to the next-generation network infrastructure. Wireless data services are expected to see the same explosive growth in demand that Internet services and wireless voice services have seen in recent years. This white paper presents an overview of current technology trends in the wireless technology market, a historical overview of the evolving wireless technologies and an examination of how the communications industry plans to implement 3G wirel ess technology standards to address the growing demand for wireless multimedia services.Finally, this paper presents Trillium’s solutions which enable wireless communications and Internet infrastructure equipment manufacturers to develop 3G network elements for quick and efficient deployment. March 2000 2. 3G Wireless Market Drivers Telecommunications service providers and network operators are embracing the recently adopted global third generation (3G) wireless standards in order to address emerging user demands and to provide new services. The concept of 3G wireless technology represents a shift from voice-centric services to multimedia-oriented (voice, data, video, fax) services.In addition, heavy demand for remote access to personalized data is fueling development of applications, such as the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and multimedia management, to complement the 3G protocols. Complementary standards, such as Bluetooth, will enable interoperability between a mobile terminal (phone, PDA etc. ) and other electronic devices, such as a laptop/desktop and peripherals, providing added convenience to the consumer and allowing for the synchronization and uploading of information at all times.According to Lehman Brothers, approximately 50 percent of current voice ser vices subscribers are expected to use wireless data services by 2007, instead of 25 percent as previously forecast . Lehman Brothers further predicts that, within seven years, 18 percent of cellular revenues and 21 percent of PCS (personal communications services) revenue will come from wireless data services. Cellular subscriptions are forecast to exceed one billion by 2003 , compared with the 306 million that was forecast at the end of 1998, representing a compound annual growth of 29 percent.Demand for voice services has traditionally been a market driver. However, today, demand for data services has emerged as an equally significant market driver. After many years of stasis, the telecommunications industry is undergoing revolutionary changes due to the impact of increased demand for data services on wireline and wireless networks. Up until recently, data traffic over mobile networks remained low at around 2% due to the bandwidth limitations of the present second-generation (2G) wireless networks.Today, new technologies are quickly emerging that will optimize the transport of data services and offer higher bandwidth in a mobile environment. As a case in point, the increased use of the Internet as an acceptable source for information distribution and retrieval, in conjunction with the increased demand for global mobility has created a need for 3G wireless communications protocols. The third generation of mobile communications will greatly enhance the implementation of sophisticated wireless applications.Users will be able to utilize personal, location-based wireless information and interactive services. Also, many companies and corporations are restructuring their business processes to be able to fully exploit the opportunities provided by the emerging new wireless data services. Many advanced wireless services are already available today, and the introduction of 3G wireless technologies will add to their ubiquity. 2 1 1 2 Business Wire, Feb 25, 2000 Mobile Data Handbook, The Road to Mobile Internet by Merrill Lynch, 24 September 1999 March 2000 . 3. 1 Existing Mobile Networks First Generation Wireless Technology The first generation of wireless mobile communications was based on analog signalling. Analog systems, implemented in North America, were known as Analog Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), while systems implemented in Europe and the rest of the world were typically identified as a variation of Total Access Communication Systems (TACS). Analog systems were primarily based on circuit-switched technology and designed for voice, not data. 3. 2 Second Generation Wireless TechnologyThe second generation (2G) of the wireless mobile network was based on low-band digital data signalling. The most popular 2G wireless technology is known as Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM). You read "Third Generation (3g) Wireless White Paper" in category "Papers" GSM systems, first implemented in 1991, are now operating in about 140 countries and territories around the world. An estimated 248 million users now operate over GSM systems. GSM technology is a combination of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). The first GSM systems used a 25MHz frequency spectrum in the 900MHz band.FDMA is used to divide the available 25MHz of bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies of 200kHz each. Each frequency is then divided using a TDMA scheme into eight timeslots. The use of separate timeslots for transmission and reception simplifies the electronics in the mobile units. Today, GSM systems operate in the 900MHz and 1. 8 GHz bands throughout the world with the exception of the Americas where they operate in the 1. 9 GHz band. In addition to GSM, a similar technology, called Personal Digital Communications (PDC), using TDMA-based technology, emerged in Japan.Since then, several other TDMA-based systems have been deployed worldwide and serve an estimated 89 million people worldwide. While GSM technology was developed in Europe, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology was developed in North America. CDMA uses spread spectrum technology to break up speech into small, digitized segments and encodes them to identify each call. CDMA systems have been implemented worldwide in about 30 countries and serve an estimated 44 million subscribers. While GSM and other TDMA-based systems have become the dominant 2G wireless technologies, CDMA technology is recognized as providing clearer voice quality with less background noise, fewer dropped calls, enhanced security, greater reliability and greater network capacity. The Second Generation (2G) wireless networks mentioned above are also mostly based on circuit-switched technology. 2G wireless networks are digital and expand the range of applications to more advanced voice services, such as Called Line Identification. G wireless technology can handle some data capabilities such as fax and short message service at the data rate of up to 9. 6 kbps, but it is not suitable for web browsing and multimedia applications. March 2000 4. 4. 1 Next Generation Mobile Networks Second Generation (2G+) Wireless Networks As stated in a previous section, the virtual explosion of Internet usage has had a tremendous impact on the demand for advanced wireless data communication services. However, the effective data rate of 2G circuit-switched wireless systems is relatively slow — too slow for today’s Internet.As a result, GSM, PDC and other TDMA-based mobile system providers and carriers have developed 2G+ technology that is packet-based and increases the data communication speeds to as high as 384kbps. These 2G+ systems are based on the following technologies: High Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) technologies. HSCSD is one step towards 3G wideband mobile data networks. This circuit-switched technology improves the data rates up to 57. 6kbps by introducing 14. 4 kbps data coding and by aggregating 4 radio channels timeslots of 14. kbps. GPRS is an intermediate step that is designed to allow the GSM world to implement a full range of Internet services without waiting for the deployment of full-scale 3G wireless systems. GPRS technology is packet-based and designed to work in parallel with the 2G GSM, PDC and TDMA systems that are used for voice communications and for table look-up to obtain GPRS user profiles in the Location Register databases. GPRS uses a multiple of the 1 to 8 radio channel timeslots in the 200kHz-frequency band allocated for a carrier frequency to enable data speeds of up to 115kbps.The data is packetized and transported over Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN) using an IP backbone so that mobile users can access services on the Internet, such as SMTP/POP-based e-mail, ftp and HTTP-based Web services. For more information on GPRS, please see Trillium’s General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) White Paper at http://www. trillium. com/whats-new/wp_gprs. html EDGE technology is a standard that has been specified to enhance the throughput per timeslot for both HSCSD and GPRS. The enhancement of HSCSD is called ECSD, whereas the enhancement of GPRS is called EGPRS.In ECSD, the maximum data rate will not increase from 64 kbps due to the restrictions in the A interface, but the data rate per timeslot will triple. Similarly, in EGPRS, the data rate per timeslot will triple and the peak throughput, including all eight timeslots in the radio interface, will exceed 384 kbps. March 2000 GPRS networks consist of an IP-based Public Mobile Land Network (PLMN), Base Station Services (BSS), Mobile handsets (MS), and Mobile Switching Centers (MSC) for circuit-switched network access and databases. The Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Nodes (GGSN) make up the PLMN.Roaming is accommodated through multiple PLMNs. SGSN and GGSN interface with the Home Location Register (HLR) to retrieve the mobile user’s profiles to facilitate call completion. GGSN provides the connection to external Packet Data Network (PDN), e. g. an Internet backbone or an X. 25 network. The BSS consists of Base Transceiver Stations and Base Station Controllers. The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) receives and transmits over the air interfaces (CDMA, TDMA), providing wireless voice and data connectivity to the mobile handsets.Base Station Controllers (BSC) route the data calls to the packet-switched PLMN over a Frame Relay (FR) link and the voice calls to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). MSC switches the voice calls to circuit-switched PLMN network such as PSTN and ISDN. MSC accommodates the Visitor Location Register (VLR) to store the roaming subscriber information. The reverse process happens at the destination PLMN and the destination BSS. On the data side, the BSC routes the data calls to the SGSN, and then the data is switched to the external PDN through the GGSN or to another mobile subscriber. Figure 1 shows a GPRS network. PSTN/ ISDN GMSC C MSC E VLR C GPRS Network Internet Gi Gi SGSN Gs Ga Gr HLR, AuC/EIR D Gn SGSN Gn Ga 2G Network GGSN CGF PSDN (X. 25) A Packet Switched Network FR Gb BSC BSS BTS Abis BTS Um March 2000 Figure 2 shows the protocols used in BTS, BSC, SGSN, GGSN, and mobile handsets: IWF MAP TCAP SNDCP BSSAP+ GMM/SM /SMS GTP TCP / UDP IP L2 PHY LLC BSSGP Network Service Q. 922 (Core) PHY GPRS Network Gn GTP TCP / UDP IP L2 PHY LAPB PHY X. 25 TCP / UDP IP L2 SCCP MTP3 MTP2 MTP1 Gn SGSN Ga Ga GGSN CGF Packet Switched Network FR GTP TCP / UDP IP L2 PHY IP / X. 25 GTP TCP / UDP IP L2 PHYGMM/SM MAP TCAP SCCP MTP3 MTP2 MTP1 LLC Relay BSSGP Network Service Q. 922 (Core) PHY BSC Gb Application BSS LLC Relay RLC MAC GSM RF Abis BTS BTS Um IP / X. 25 GMM/ SM/SMS SNDCP LLC RLC MAC GSM RF March 2000 The following is a brief description of each protocol layer in the GPRS network infrastructure:  § Sub-Network Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP): protocol that maps a networklevel protocol, such as IP or X. 25, to the underlying logical link control. SNDCP also provides other functions such as compression, segmentation and multiplexing of network-layer messages to a single virtual connection. Logical Link Control (LLC): a data link layer protocol for GPRS which functions similar to Link Access Protocol – D (LAPD). This layer assures the reliable transfer of user data across a wireless network.  § Base Station System GPRS Protocol (BSSGP): processes routing and quality of service (QoS) information for the BSS. BSSGP uses the Frame Relay Q. 922 core protocol as its transport mechanism.  § GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP): protocol that tunnels the protocol data units through the IP backbone by adding routing information. GTP operates on top of TCP/UDP over IP. GPRS Mobility Management (GMM/SM): protocol that operates in the signalling plane of GPRS, handles mobility issues such as roaming, authentication, selection of encryption algorithms and maintains PDP context.  § Network Service: protocol that manages the convergence sub-layer that operates between BSSGP and the Frame Relay Q. 922 Core by mapping BSSGP’s service requests to the appropriate Frame Relay services.  § BSSAP+: protocol that enables paging for voice connections from MSC via SGSN, thus optimizing paging for mobile subscribers. BSSAP+ is also responsible for location and routing updates as well as mobile station alerting. †¢ SCCP, MTP3, MTP2 are protocols used to support Mobile Application Part (MAP) and BSSAP+ in circuit switched PLMNs.  § Mobile Application Part (MAP): supports signaling between SGSN/GGSN and HLR/AuC/EIR. March 2000 4. 2 Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks 3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless telecommunications systems into a single global system that includes both terrestrial and satellite components.One of the most important aspects of 3G wireless technology is its ability to unify existing cellular standards, such as CDMA, GSM, and TDMA, under one umbrella. The following three air interface modes accomplish this result: wideband CDMA, CDMA2000 and the Universal Wireless Communication (UWC-136) interfaces. Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) is compatible with the current 2G GSM networks prevalent in Europe and parts of Asia. W-CDMA will require bandwidth of between 5Mhz and 10 Mhz, making it a suitable platform for higher capacity applications. It can be overlaid onto existing GSM, TDMA (IS-36) and IS95 networks.Subscribers are likely to access 3G wireless services initially via dual band terminal devices. W-CDMA networks will be used for high-capacity applications and 2G digital wireless systems will be used for voice calls. The second radio interface is CDMA2000 which is backward compatible with the second generation CDMA IS-95 standard predominantly used in US. The third radio interface, Universal Wireless Communications – UWC-136, also called IS-136HS, was proposed by the TIA and designed to comply with ANSI-136, the North American TDMA standard. 3G wireless networks consist of a Radio Access Network (RAN) and a core network.The core network consists of a packet-switched domain, which includes 3G SGSNs and GGSNs, which provide the same functionality that they provide in a GPRS system, and a circuit-switched domain, which includes 3G MSC for switching of voice calls. Charging for services and access is done through the Charging Gateway Function (CGF), which is also part of the core network. RAN functionality is independent from the core network functionality. The access network provides a core network technology independent access for mobile terminals to different types of core networks and network services.Either core network domain can access any appropriate RAN service; e. g. it should be possible to access a â€Å"speech† radio access bearer from the packetswitched domain. March 2000 The Radio Access Network consists of new network elements, known as Node B and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs). Node B is comparable to the Base Transceiver Station in 2G wireless networks. RNC replaces the Base Station Controller. It provides the radio resource management, handover control and support for the connections to circuit-switched and packet-switched domains.The interconnection of the network elements in RAN and between RAN and core network is over Iub, Iur and Iu interfaces based on ATM as a layer 2 switching technology. Data services run from the terminal device over IP, which in turn uses ATM as a reliable transport with QoS. Voice is embedded into ATM from the edge of the network (Node B) and is transported over ATM out of the RNC. The Iu interface is split into 2 parts: circuitswitched and packet-switched. The Iu interface is based on ATM with voice traffic embedded on virtual circuits using AAL2 technology and IP-over-ATM for data traffic using AAL5 technology.These traffic types are switched independently to either 3G SGSN for data or 3G MSC for voice. Figure 3 shows the 3G wireless network architecture. PSTN/ ISDN 3G MSC VLR HLR, AuC/EIR Core Network D Gs Gr Gc Gn Gi Internet 3G SGSN Ga Ga Gi GGSN CGF PSDN (X. 25) Circuit Switched Network Packet Switched Network Iu RNC Iu ATM IP Iur RNC RNS Node B Node B RNS Node B Iub Node B Uu Uu March 2000 Figure 4 shows protocols used in Node B, RNC and mobile handsets. Q. 2630. 1 RANAP / RNSAP SCCP M3UA Circuit Switched Network ATM Iu RNC Packet Switched Network IP Iu RNC GTP NBAP Q. 2150. 2 Q. 2150. 1 MTP3B Q. 2130 Q. 2140 PDCP RRC RLC MAC AAL2 AAL2 CPSUDP IP CIP SSCOP AAL5 SAR AAL5 CPS UDP SCTP I ur I ub RNS Node B Node B Node B IP ATM RNS Node B Q. 2630. 1 NBAP Q. 2150. 2 IP, PPP, OSP PDCP RLC GMM/ SM RRC RLC MAC L1 AAL2 SSSAR AAL2 CPS ATM Q. 2130 SSCOP AAL5 SAR AAL5 CPS MAC L1 March 2000 The following is a brief description of each protocol layer in a 3G wireless network infrastructure:  § Global Mobility Management (GMM): protocol that includes attach, detach, security, and routing area update functionality.  § Node B Application Part (NBAP): provides procedures for paging distribution, broadcast system information and management of dedicated and logical resources. Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP): maps higher level characteristics onto the characteristics of the underlying radio-interface protocols. PDCP also provides protocol transparency for higher layer protocols.  §  § Radio Link Control (RLC): provides a logical link control over the radio interface. Medium Access Control (MAC): controls the access signaling (request and grant) procedures for the radio channel.  § Radio resource Control (RRC): manages the allocation and maintenance of radio communication paths.  § Radio Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP): encapsulates higher layer signaling. Manages the signaling and GTP connections between RNC and 3G-SGSN, and signaling and circuit-switched connections between RNC and 3G MSC.  § Radio Network Service Application Part (RNSAP): provides the communication between RNCs.  § GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP): protocol that tunnels the protocol data units through the IP backbone by adding routing information. GTP operates on top of TCP/UDP over IP.  § Mobile Application Part (MAP): supports signaling between SGSN/GGSN and HLR/AuC/EIR.  § AAL2 Signaling (Q. 2630. 1, Q. 2150. 1, Q. 2150. , AAL2 SSSAR, and AAL2 CPS): protocols suite used to transfer voice over ATM backbone using ATM adaptation layer 2.  § Sigtran (SCTP, M3UA): protocols suite used to transfer SCN signaling protocols over IP network. March 2000 5. Evolution to 3G Wireless Technology Initial coverage Initially, 3G wireless technology will be deployed as â€Å"islands† in business areas where more capacity and advanced services are demanded. A complete evolution to 3G wireless technology is mandated by the end of 2000 in Japan (mostly due to capacity requirements) and by the end of 2001 in Europe.NTT DoCoMo is deploying 3G wireless services in Japan in the third quarter of 2000. In contrast, there is no similar mandate in North America and it is more likely that competition will drive the deployment of 3G wireless technology in that region. For example, Nextel Communications has announced that it will be deploying 3G wireless services in North America during the fourth quarter of 2000. The implementation of 3G wireless systems raises several critical issues, such as the successful backward compatibility to air interfaces as well as to deployed infrastructures. Interworking with 2G and 2G+ Wireless NetworksThe existence o f legacy networks in most regions of the world highlights the challenge that communications equipment manufacturers face when implementing next-generation wireless technology. Compatibility and interworking between the new 3G wireless systems and the old legacy networks must be achieved in order to ensure the acceptance of new 3G wireless technology by service providers and end-users. The existing core technology used in mobile networks is based on traditional circuit-switched technology for delivery of voice services. However, this traditional technology is inefficient for the delivery of multimedia services.The core switches for next-generation of mobile networks will be based on packet-switched technology which is better suited for data and multimedia services. Second generation GSM networks consist of BTS, BSC, MSC/VLR and HLR/AuC/EIR network elements. The interfaces between BTS, BSC and MSC/VLR elements are circuit-switched PCM. GPRS technology adds a parallel packet-switched core network. The 2G+ network consists of BSC with packet interfaces to SGSN, GGSN, HLR/AuC/EIR. The interfaces between BSC and SGSN network elements are either Frame Relay and/or ATM so as to provide reliable transport with Quality of Service (QoS).March 2000 3G wireless technology introduces new Radio Access Network (RAN) consisting of Node B and RNC network elements. The 3G Core Network consists of the same entities as GSM and GPRS: 3G MSC/VLR, GMSC, HLR/AuC/EIR, 3G-SGSN, and GGSN. IP technology is used end-to-end for multimedia applications and ATM technology is used to provide reliable transport with QoS. 3G wireless solutions allow for the possibility of having an integrated network for circuit-switched and packet-switched services by utilizing ATM technology. The BSC may evolve into an RNC by using add-on cards or additional hardware that is co-located. The carrier frequency (5Mhz) and the bands (2. 5 to 5Ghz) are different for 3G wireless technology compared to 2G/2G+ wireless technology. Evolution of BSC to RNC requires support for new protocols such as PDCP, RRC, RANAP, RNSAP and NBAP. Therefore, BTS’ evolution into Node B may prove to be difficult and may represent significant capital expenditure on the part of network operators. MSC evolution depends on the selection of a fixed network to carry the requested services. If an ATM network is chosen, then ATM protocols will have to be supported in 3G MSC along with interworking between ATM and existing PSTN/ISDN networks.The evolution of SGSN and GGSN to 3G nodes is relatively easier. Enhancements to GTP protocol and support for new RANAP protocol are necessary to support 3G wireless systems. ATM protocols need to be incorporated to transport the services. The HLR databases evolve into 3G-HLR by adding 3G wireless user profiles. The VLR database must also be updated accordingly. The EIR database needs to change to accommodate new equipment that will be deployed for 3G wireless systems. Finally, global roaming requires compatibility to existing deployment and graceful fallback to an available level when requested services are not available in the region.Towards this end, the Operator Harmonization Group (OHG) is working closely with 3G Partnership Projects (3GPP and 3GPP2) to come up with global standards for 3G wireless protocols. March 2000 6. Comparison of 2G and 3G Mobile Networks As mentioned above, although there are many similarities between 2G and 3G wireless networks (and many of the 2G and 3G components are shared or connected through interworking functions), there are also many differences between the two technologies. Table 1 compares the differences between the core network, the radio portion and other areas of the two networks.Table 1: Comparison between 2G+ and 3G wireless networks Feature Core Network 2G MSC/VLR, GMSC, HLR/AuC/EIR 2G+ MSC/VLR, GMSC, SGSN, GGSN, HLR/AuC/EIR, CGF 3G 3G MSC/VLR (with added interworking and transcoding), GMSC, HLR/AuC/EIR, 3G-SGSN, GGSN, CGF GMM/SM,MM,CM,BSSAP, RANAP,GTP,SCCP, MTP3B, M3UA, SCTP, Q. 2630. 1 (NNI), TCAP, MAP, ISUP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1, Q. 2140, SSCOP ATM, IP transport Node B, RNC, MS W-CDMA, CDMA2000, IWC-136 GMM/SM, MAC, RLC, PDCP,RRC,Q. 2630. 1(UNI+ NNI),NBAP, RNSAP, RANAP, SCCP, MTP3B, M3UA, SCTP, GTP-U, Q. 2140, Q. 130, SSCOP, CIP New type of terminal Multiple modes Voice, data and video terminals WAP, multimedia mgmt Enhanced HLR, VLR, EIR,AuC Up to 2Mbps MM, CM, BSSAP, SCCP, ISUP,TCAP, MAP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1 GMM/SM/SMS, MM, CM, GTP, SNDCP,NS, FR, LLC, BSSGP, BSSAP, BSSAP+, SCCP, TCAP, MAP, ISUP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1 TDM transport Radio Access BTS, BSC, MS FDMA, TDMA, CDMA MM, CM, RR, LAPDm, LAPD, BSSAP, SCCP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1 TDM, Frame Relay transport BTS, BSC, MS TDMA, CDMA, EDGE MAC, RLC, GMM/SM/SMS, LLC, SNDCP, BSSGP, NS, FR,RR, BSSAP, SCCP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1Handsets Voice only terminals New type of terminal Dual mode TDMA and CDMA Voice and data terminals WAP, no multimedia support Databases Data Rates HLR, VLR, EIR, AuC Up to 9. 6 Kbps HLR, VLR, EIR, AuC Up to 57. 6 Kbps (HSCSD) Up to 115Kbps (GPRS) Up to 384 Kbps (EDGE) SMS, Internet Restricted, not global Not compatible to 3G Applications Roaming Compatibility Advanced voice, Short Message Service (SMS) Restricted, not global Not compatible to 3G Internet, multimedia Global Compatible to 2G, 2G+ and Bluetooth March 2000 7. Trillium 3G Wireless SolutionsTrillium offers an extensive wireless software solution portfolio for existing 2G network and for upcoming GPRS and 3G wireless systems. In addition to the protocols shown below, Trillium also offers Fault-Tolerance/High-Availability and distributed architecture enhancements to all system solutions. Trillium’s solutions are shown in Tables 2 and 3 below. Table 2: Trillium’s GPRS Software Solutions (underlined) Device Description BTS (Base Transceiver Station) – Responsible for radio transmission / reception in one or more cells within a service area to/from the mobile handsets. BSC (Base Station Controller) – Responsible for controlling the se and the integrity of the radio resources. 2G-SGSN (Serving GPRS Node) – Provides voice and packet data services and management of mobile subscribers. 2G-GGSN (Gateway GPRS Node) – Provides a gateway interface to external Packet Data Networks (PDN) and manages the routing of the tunneled mobile network protocol data units (PDUs) across the PDN. 2G-CGF (Charging Gateway Function) – responsible for billing services Required Protocol s RLC/MAC NS, BSSGP, Q. 922(core) SNDCP, BSSAP+, LLC, BSSGP, NS, Q. 922 (core), GTP, MAP, TCAP,SCCP, MTP3, MTP2, MTP 1, GMM/SM/SMS GTP, MAP, TCAP, SCCP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1, GMM/SM, X. 5, LAPB GTP` 2G-MS – The 2G mobile station (handset) enhanced to GMM/SM/SMS, SNDCP, RLC/MAC, provide users enhanced voice and data services. LLC 2G-HLR/AuC/EIR –The 2G Home Location Register MAP,TCAP,SCCP,MTP3, MTP 2, MTP 1 Database with User Profiles 2G-MSC/VLR – The 2G Mobile Switching Center and Visitor Location Register Database BSSAP+,SCCP,MTP3, MTP2, MTP 1 March 2000 Table 3: Trillium’s 3G Wireless Software Solutions (underlined) Device Description Node B – Responsible for radio transmission / reception in one or more cells within a service area to/from the mobile handsets.RNC (Radio Network Controller) – Responsible for controlling the use and the integrity of the radio resources. Replaces 2G/2G+ Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Required Protocols RLC/MAC, NBAP, AAL2 Signaling,Q . 2130, SSCOP Base Station Controller (BSC) PDCP, RLC/MAC, RRC, RANAP, RNSAP, NBAP, AAL2 Signaling, SIGTRAN (SCTP/M3UA), GTP, Q. 2130, SSCOP, Q. 2140, MTP3B, SCCP, CIP RANAP, SCTP/M3UA, GTP, Broadband SS7 (SCCP, MTP3B, Q. 2140, SSCOP), CIP, GMM/SM/SMS, MAP, TCAP, MTP 2, MTP 1 GTP, MAP, TCAP, SCCP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1 G-SGSN (Serving GPRS Node) – Provides voice and packet data services and management of mobile subscribers. 3G-GGSN (Gateway GPRS Node) – Provides a gateway interface to external Packet Data Networks (PDN) and manages the routing of the tunneled mobile network protocol data units (PDUs) across the PDN. 3G-CGF (Charging Gateway Function) – responsible for billing services 3G-MS – The 3G mobile station (handset) enhanced to provide users enhanced voice and data services. 3G-HLR/AuC/EIR –The 3G Home Location Register Database with User Profiles 3G-MSC/VLR – The 3G Mobile Switching Center and Visitor Location Register Database G SGSN 2G GGSN 2G-CGF GTP’ 2G-MS GMM/SM, PDCP, RLC/MAC, RRC 2G-HLR/AuC/EIR 2G-MSC/VLR MAP,TCAP,SCCP,MTP3, MTP 2, MTP 1 BSSAP+,IS UP,SCCP,MTP3, MTP 2, MTP 1, RANAP, SCCP, Q. 2140, SSCOP, AAL2 Signaling March 2000 8. About Trillium Trillium Digital Systems is the leading provider of communications software solutions for the converged network infrastructure. Trillium’s source code solutions are used in more than 500 projects by industry-leading suppliers of wireless, Internet, broadband and telephony products.Trillium’s high-performance, high-availability software and services reduce the time, risk and cost of implementing SS7, IP, H. 323, MGCP, ATM, Wireless and other standards-based communications protocols. Trillium actively participates in the development of 3rd generation systems by developing standards-based wireless communications protocols. It is likely that the first 3G mobile terminals will be multi-mode devices, which means that they will support a number of 2nd generation protocol standards in order to reach wide network coverage and to provide 3rd generation advanced services.Trillium has extensive know-how in all the major communications protocol standards in the world and can provide solutions for many types of networks. Trillium designs all its portable software products using the Trillium Advanced Portability Architecture (TAPAâ„ ¢ ), a set of architectural and coding standards that ensure the software is completely independent of the compiler, processor, operating system and architecture of the target system.This makes Trillium products portable, consistent, reliable, high quality, high performance, flexible, and scaleable. This architecture also ensures that all Trillium protocols can interwork seamlessly in the same or between different networks. As mentioned above, successful implementation, adoption, and overall acceptance of the 3G wireless networks depends largely on the ability of these new mobile networks to interface and interwork with the existing 2G and legacy networks currently deployed worldwide.Trillium offers a broad range of protocols for first- and second-generation mobile networks, legacy networks, and fixed networks. Trillium’s products allow wireless communications e quipment manufacturers to develop â€Å"best-in-class† next-generation mobile networks, to ensure success of the network operator and service provider, and to ensure wide acceptance of the new services by end-users. Additional information is available at http://www. trillium. com. How to cite Third Generation (3g) Wireless White Paper, Papers

Mimicry, Ambivalence, and Hybridity free essay sample

Daniel Dafoe’s 1719 novel, Robinson Crusoe, is a rich text for understanding the mechanisms of European colonialism and the relation between the colonizer and the colonized (represented by Crusoe and Friday). Dafoe represents Crusoe as being the ultimate incarnation of an Englishman: industrious, self-determining and ready to colonize natives. Crusoe encounters a native and he names him Friday, teaches him English, the words of God, and slowly â€Å"civilizes† the dark-skinned native. Although the novel forecloses any possibility of understanding Friday’s experience, a reader could start to wonder how Friday’s relation to Crusoe affects his own sense of identity. In the novel, we only see Friday as mimicking Crusoe and civilization–but what effects does this mimicry have on a colonized subject and psyche? And how does mimicry and hybridity affect textual representation and signification? The term hybridity has become one of the most recurrent concepts in postcolonial cultural criticism. We will write a custom essay sample on Mimicry, Ambivalence, and Hybridity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is meant to foreclose the diverse forms of purity encompassed within essentialist theories. Homi Bhabha is the leading contemporary critic who has tried to disclose the contradictions inherent in colonial discourse in order to highlight the colonizer’s ambivalence in respect to his position toward the colonized Other. The simple presence of the colonized Other within the textual structure is enough evidence of the ambivalence of the colonial text, an ambivalence that destabilizes its claim for absolute authority or unquestionable authenticity. Along with Tom Nairn, Homi Bhabha considers the confusion and hollowness that resistance produces in the minds of such imperialist authors as Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling, and E. M. Forster. But while Nairn sees their colonialist grandiose rhetoric as disproportionate to the real decadent economic and political situation of late Victorian England, Bhabha goes as far as to see this imperial delirium forming gaps within the English text, gaps which are the signs of a discontinuous history, an estrangement of the English book. They mark the disturbance of its authoritative representations by the uncanny forces of race, sexuality, violence, cultural and even climatic differences which emerge in the colonial discource as the mixed and split texts of hybridity. If the English book is read as a production of hybridity, then it no longer simply commands authority. His analysis, which is largely based on the Lacanian conceptualization of mimicry as camouflage focuses on colonial ambivalence. On the one hand, he sees the colonizer as a snake in the grass who, speaks in â€Å"a tongue that is forked,† and produces a mimetic representation that â€Å"emerges as one of the most elusive and effective strategies of colonial power and knowledge† (Bhabha 85). Bhabha recognizes then that colonial power carefully establishes highly-sophisticated strategies of control and dominance; that, while it is aware of its ephemerality, it is also anxious to create the means that guarantee its economic, political and cultural endurance, through the conception, in Macaulay’s words in his â€Å"Minute on Indian Education† (1835),†of a class of interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern – a class of persons Indian in blood and colour but English in taste, in opinions, in morals and in intellect† – that is through the reformation of that category of people referred to by Frantz Fanon in the phrase, â€Å"black skin/white masks,† or as â€Å"mimic men† by V. S. Naipaul. Friday could be one of these mimic men; but as we have already seen, the process of colonial mimicry is both a product of and produces ambivalence and hybridity. Bhabha explains that Macaulay’s Indian interpreters and Naipaul’s mimic men are authorized versions of otherness: â€Å"part-objects of a metonymy of colonial desire, end up emerging as inappropriate colonial subjects †¦ [who], by now producing a partial vision of the colonizer’s presence† (88). What is left in the repeating action of mimicry, according to Bhabha, is the trace, the impure, the artificial, the secondhand. Bhabha analyses the slippages in colonial political discourse, and reveals that the janus-faced attitudes towards the colonized lead to the production of a mimicry that presents itself more in the form of a menace and rupture rather than than a resemblance and consolidation. Hybridity, Bhabha argues, subverts the narratives of colonial power and dominant cultures. The series of inclusions and exclusions on which a dominant culture is premised are deconstructed by the very entry of the formerly-excluded subjects into the mainstream discourse. The dominant culture is contaminated by the linguistic and racial differences of the native self. Hybridity can thus be seen, in Bhabha’s interpretation, as a counter-narrative, a critique of the canon and its exclusion of other narratives. In other words, the hybridity-acclaimers want to suggest first, that the colonialist discourse’s ambivalence is a conspicuous illustration of its uncertainty; and second, that the migration of yesterday’s â€Å"savages† from their peripheral spaces to the homes of their â€Å"masters† underlies a blessing invasion that, by â€Å"Third-Worlding† the center, creates â€Å"fissures† within the very structures that sustain it.

History Coursework- Propaganda in World War One Essay Example

History Coursework- Propaganda in World War One   Essay Q1. How effective were the methods of Propaganda used in the First World War in winning continued support for the war effort?It was the job of the War Propaganda Bureau to use the motivational power of propaganda to positively influence the public opinion about the war.One of the most wide reaching methods used by this organisation was the press. Since there was no easy method of mass communication at this time, apart from the newspapers, the power of the written word became even greater during the war years. Though, after the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) was passed in 1916, the government had the power to censor information that was to be given to the public, which gave them the ability to hide the more dreadful realities of war. The newspapers themselves had a big role to play in this censorship- their cynicism lead to the realisation that war atrocity stories would not sell, so instead they published glamorous stories of the British heroes. This combination of censorship with m orale boosting worked very well on the home front; the censored accounts of battle and the portrayal of war life as almost a holiday encouraged men to join up with slogans like,BRITONS Join your countrys army!God save the KingThis patriotic propaganda was mainly aimed at the population at home. It aimed to boost public morale, but whether it helped to sway neutral individuals into supporting the war is questionable. From another angle, the press only had a limited efficacy; the fact that in the front line trenches the stories of epic fighting were held up to ridicule by troops, showed that not everyone was influenced by the media.Another method in which censorship helped the war effort was that it concealed the embarrassing British failures from the public. The loss of the battleship Audacious off Ireland in 1914, for example, was not reported in Britain in an attempt to maintain public confidence.Pro-war propaganda infiltrated almost every area of life, including films, books, spee ches and even poetry. These varied methods all helped to convince the individual that the British cause was a good one. For example, The Old Front Line, a bland account of the Battle of the Somme, sold 20 thousand copies in Britain, which meant that the public hugely underestimated this horrific battle. The film industry also contributed to propaganda on the home front- For The Empire was a massive success, as many as 9 million people are thought to have seen it by the end of 1916. There were also films encouraging women to volunteer for the land-army, and to work in munitions factories etc. Speeches made by leaders in all countries were used as inspirational propaganda- the Times quoted Lloyd George as saying,the British soldier is a good sportsman [and] has fought as a good sportsman.All these methods swaying opinion were widely acknowledged, and on the whole effective in that they were subtle and well disguised.There was already a strong anti-German feeling in Britain by the time war had broken out, and this was strengthened by the stories of German atrocities that regularly filtered into the news. An example of this would be the propaganda coups that came after the sinking, by a German U-Boat, of the British liner the Luisitania whilst on a passage from New York. This was used as propaganda to persuade the USA to join the war, and to convince that the public that the Germans were barbarians as 1,198 civilians died. The more common stories of German barbarianism were mainly aimed at the middle classes to act as a justification to leave their secure lifestyles for the trenches. This propaganda stirred fear and hatred among the population and prepared them for the necessary sacrifices of war. There were posters and slogans issued specifically to dehumanize the enemy-Remember Scarborough!resolve to crush the German Barbarians. ENLIST NOW.These also appealed to the morals of the reader and played to their sense of patriotism. At the start of the war there were countless recruitment posters doing the same thing, and over half a million men had volunteered by the end of the first month. Slogans like the one below tried to make it seem that it wasnt only the army who wanted the men to join up:Women of Britain say GO!Even if such a huge campaign hadnt been launched, I believe the same amount of men would have still joined up. This is because there was a very high level of unemployment at the start of the war, and the army paid comparatively high wages. Since the wartime conditions were so overstated, it appealed to the unemployed working class. Another issue that highlighted the inefficacy of the recruitment plan was the introduction of conscription in 1916. The numbers of men volunteering began to dwindle, ironically, at the time the army most needed them. They had not expected such a high percentage of deaths, so had to introduce conscription. Another reason for this introduction was the fact that the volunteer system was damaging Britains agriculture and industry. Obviously, the propaganda was only affecting one class of society.Due to the nature of propaganda, one can never be completely sure of how far its success actually spread, and how much it affected the individual. On the surface, the Great War propaganda seemed to fulfil its aim, but taking a closer look the system seems to have been somewhat flawed.Q2. Study Source A. How useful is this source to a historian studying recruitment to the army at the start of the First World War?Source A is an extract from a novel by John Harris, and it talks of a recruitment effort, taking place before the showing of a film in August 1914. In order to establish the utility of this source to a historian, we must consider key issues surrounding the source.Firstly, the fact that the extract is taken from a novel indicates that it is almost certainly a work of fiction and if not, then based upon embroidered truth. Secondly, the novel was published in 1961, over 40 years after the period in which the events are set. But these factors, in my opinion, do not diminish the sources utility, as it is clear that the author has fully researched and explored the period because there are a number of accurate historical references within the text. For example, he refers to Kitcheners volunteers and the boys of the Bulldog breed among other things. I can also back up the sources benefit from my own knowledge, as I know that this method of recruitment was actually used at this time in the Great War. The best-remembered example this has to be the case of the Accrington Pals. They are, almost certainly, the most famous of the battalions formed in the early months of the war. They volunteered in response to Kitcheners call for a volunteer army, and a large group of friends and neighbours from both Accrington and neighbouring towns, enlisted together to form a battalion with a distinctively local identity.I believe that despite the fact that this is a work of fiction, and th e discrepancy of time, that this source would genuinely be useful to a historian studying the era. The account given, even though a work of the imagination, rings true as the not only the references, but the descriptions fit the feelings of the public and the events of the time.Q3. The most important aim of wartime propaganda was to encourage hatred of the enemy. Is there sufficient evidence in Sources A-F to support this interpretation?Propaganda is the manipulation of information to influence public opinion. This manipulation took many forms at the time of the Great War and was used in an attempt to influence individuals while leading each one to believe that his response was his own decision.Source C is obviously a source that is taking enemy demonisation to its limits. It shows the Kaiser standing over the crumpled heaps of a women and child, holding a smoking gun in his hand. Behind him is a scene of utter devastation, and he stands proud in the centre of it with his chest out and his flag high. Beneath the cartoon is the ironic caption- The triumph of culture.This cartoon is by the celebrated Great War cartoonist, Bernard Partridge, and was published whilst the war was in its very earliest days in August 1914. The cartoon evidently has the intention of encouraging hatred of the enemy, and exaggerating his ruthlessness. I believe the cartoon is exaggerating the state of affairs, not only for public benefit, but also because on the day that this cartoon was published, the war was still only 20 days old.Anti-German propaganda not only fuelled support for the war, but it also contributed to intolerance on the home front. Other effective strategies for the demonisation of the Germans were the uses of both leaflets and atrocity stories, and these strategies were widely used. The most famous of example of the latter was the story of the German factory, which supposedly made soap from boiled up corpses.Source C is not the only aspect of useful wartime propaganda represented within the sources however. Demonisation of the enemy infact only constituted a small proportion of the propaganda scheme as a whole, since it was mostly aimed at the middle classes. It acted as a justification to leave the comfort of their lifestyle for the harsh reality of war.Both sources A and B are for the promotion and encouragement of Recruitment. Source A is an extract from a novel set in August of 1914. The narrator is talking of the extreme feelings of enthusiasm evoked by the small gestures of 3 cheers for the King, and singing patriotic songs. The public pride was used as the theme for many recruitment efforts. By the middle of September 1914, over 500,000 men had volunteered their services and they formed the basis of Kitcheners volunteer army. Speeches, leaflets, and especially posters were produced to help the recruitment campaign. There was even a campaign to get women to join the land army, and the nursing corps. These forms of recruitment propaganda we re crucial and the 2 sources illustrate this.Source B is an article from a local newspaper, and it is informing a community that one of their young men had performed a particularly gallant act on behalf of his country. This article is plays on the pride of the families when a son or brother goes off to war. The locality of this piece of propaganda makes it all the more effective and powerful.Other forms of Propaganda represented in the sources include Patriotism and Censorship. These two varieties of propaganda are closely linked. This is because the morale of the public back home was very important in the Great War, as they needed to feel pride and confidence in the British army. This is where censorship comes in. The soldiers needed the faith of the population back home and so the government protected the public from the more horrific aspects of war through Censorship.Promoting patriotism constituted the greatest part of the propaganda effort, with speeches and films made especial ly to maintain the public faith and encourage pride. Many posters and newspaper articles were released to persuade people to Be Patriotic and to save food among other things. Both Sources E and B are promoting patriotism. Source B is on a local level, informing the local parish of a gallant deed performed by a young man from their neighbourhood. On the other hand, Source F is patriotism on a national level; it is an account of the Battle of the Somme published in a national newspaper. It is a very sanitised account of this dreadful battle, and it is giving the population pride in the bravery of their soldiers. The article is not out-rightly lying; it is only leaving out the horrific details and emotions of war.Source F, when cross-referenced with Source E, shows Censorship. Censorship was a vital form of government propaganda, as was discovered at the start of the war. When footage of what life was like for the soldiers on the front line was shown, the public reaction was one of hys teria. The reporter in Source F is saying how his reports do not tell the whole truth, as the public could not handle the reality and the pain felt by all those who had lost relatives. Another form of Censorship was the ban on film for private cameras. The government decided that no images of the conditions of the western front must reach the people at home.Not all government propaganda was issued to encourage support of the war; some articles and letters were printed by pacifists and religious groups persuading the population to abstain from war. This type of propaganda is shown in Source D, which states the views of the Independent Labour Party, who were a socialist party. They believe that the values of socialism transcend all war, and goes against the fundamentals of socialism. This Manifesto on the War was printed on the 11th August 1914, only a matter of days after war was declared. The socialists were making their position very clear.This collection of sources demonstrates th e wide range of forms propaganda took during the Great War. Although demonisation of the enemy played an important role in the Propaganda scheme, the information given in the sources does not support the belief that it was the most important. All evidence considered, only one of the sources shows support for this belief.

Free Essays on Chiquita Bananas

Chiquita Brands International Inc. is best known as the world’s number one distributor of banana’s, which account for more than half of its sales. For the past decade, Chiquita’s sales have dropped dramatically and the company is now on the verge of bankruptcy. Currently, Chiquita is trying to avoid filing for a Chapter 11 by attempting a major financial restructuring of their debt. There are many factors that have contributed to the company’s downward spiral, although all of these factors are linked to the trade barriers imposed by the European Union on banana imports. The European Union enacted import restrictions on banana’s in 1993, and just recently, is attempting to revise the old regime in order to comply with the World Trade Organization. The EU is preparing to introduce a new import system dubbed â€Å"first-come first-served† which they believe will be a WTO compatible system. Chiquita filed a lawsuit in January, 2001 against the European Union seeking reparations in the amount of $525 million for their losses that resulted from the old biased import system (Palmer). Chiquita is just one of many companies that were affected by this biased import regime, but some other companies still managed to work around the import restrictions. Chiquita’s rivals, Dole Food and Fresh Del Monte, although bruised as well by the European restrictions and falling banana profits, are in much better shape. Both have managed to increase their market share in Europe, largely at Chiquita’s expense (Alden). Chiquita, however, sought out and fought a political battle against the European Union with the United States government backing them. The old EU import regime was not only an issue for the companies involved, but for the United States as a whole, since it affected banana’s and other agricultural products sold in the US. The regime initially was enacted in 1993, and was later ruled in 1997 to not be in compliance with... Free Essays on Chiquita Bananas Free Essays on Chiquita Bananas Chiquita Brands International Inc. is best known as the world’s number one distributor of banana’s, which account for more than half of its sales. For the past decade, Chiquita’s sales have dropped dramatically and the company is now on the verge of bankruptcy. Currently, Chiquita is trying to avoid filing for a Chapter 11 by attempting a major financial restructuring of their debt. There are many factors that have contributed to the company’s downward spiral, although all of these factors are linked to the trade barriers imposed by the European Union on banana imports. The European Union enacted import restrictions on banana’s in 1993, and just recently, is attempting to revise the old regime in order to comply with the World Trade Organization. The EU is preparing to introduce a new import system dubbed â€Å"first-come first-served† which they believe will be a WTO compatible system. Chiquita filed a lawsuit in January, 2001 against the European Union seeking reparations in the amount of $525 million for their losses that resulted from the old biased import system (Palmer). Chiquita is just one of many companies that were affected by this biased import regime, but some other companies still managed to work around the import restrictions. Chiquita’s rivals, Dole Food and Fresh Del Monte, although bruised as well by the European restrictions and falling banana profits, are in much better shape. Both have managed to increase their market share in Europe, largely at Chiquita’s expense (Alden). Chiquita, however, sought out and fought a political battle against the European Union with the United States government backing them. The old EU import regime was not only an issue for the companies involved, but for the United States as a whole, since it affected banana’s and other agricultural products sold in the US. The regime initially was enacted in 1993, and was later ruled in 1997 to not be in compliance with...

Engineering Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engineering Ethics Paper - Essay Example As an engineer, the general security of the trident plan needs to be reviewed. Contemplation is usually provided to the nuclear cycle from uranium extraction to neutralizing and waste storage. This consideration should be carried out as a community and to decommission the threats and effects of leading mishaps involved with nuclear missiles or submarine vessels. The following paper will look into past and current nuclear submarine mishaps that have paved way for nuclear weaponry overviews that analyze, provide evidence and recommend leaders on nuclear matters that involve engineering and security of the entire global community (Pfatteicher 2). The ex-Soviet Union (Komsomolets) In reference to particular submarine nuclear incidences, the community and department of defense will offer support to the creation of awareness on the impacts of these mishaps (Wallace, Wendy and Project Staff 1992). On April 7, 1989, an inferno began onboard the nuclear-motorized submarine, the Komsomolets. I n spite of the effort of the crew on board to stop the fire, the inferno grew to a point that was out of control. The submarine descended to a deepness of 5,500 feet, whilst off the Northern coast of Norway, 125 miles from the mainland. A crew of sixty-none men passed away. The sinking of the vessel is one of a kind pattern of mishaps that engage the soviet fleet of nuclear-motorized submarines and vessels. If the recent history of the soviet nuclear commerce is any monitor, it will not be the last. Plans that have been made towards a salvage operation after the occurrence of the mishap have been grounded on approximations of the ecological risk postured by the deepened submarine and the nuclear material released to the environment. In accordance with the facts provided by the Environmental Protection Agency, the loss of the soviet vessel most likely posed minimal ecological threats. Before this loss, the ex-Soviet Union had lost three other vessels with nuclear weaponry, and there was no sign of any radiation leak or other issue posturing as an ecological threat. Reacting to similar problems following the sinking of the submarine off Bermuda involved Vice Admiral Powell F. Carter, Jr., meeting with the Joint Chiefs of Staff to discuss the potential ecological threats brought about by the sunken submarine (Wallace, Wendy and Project Staff 1992). The American nuclear professionals had misgivings over the efforts made by the Soviet crew solely because of the inability of raising the submarine vessel from the sunken depths. Whilst the Soviet navy has tools that could submerge and several rescue and saving ships, they were mainly intended to lever submersibles sent down to save stuck crewmen (Pfatteicher 42). The engineering of the saving tools used by the Soviet ships did not have tonics or hoists able to tackle weights exceeding 750 tons. Engineering specialties from the Environmental Protection Agency stated that the soviets were supposed to adjust supertankers to supply adequate and huge platforms for the rescue and holding of the nuclear material. Apart from that, they had misgivings over the capability of the plan and assembled the tools essential for the rescue operation. Even though the salvage operation was practically possible, it could turn out to be an unbelievably hard task. Rather than raising the subma

Khatem Al Shaklah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Khatem Al Shaklah - Essay Example A strategic plan has been formulated with vision, mission and product development, and communication and media strategies are being established. At the end, an impact analysis has been done to review the sustainability of the project in the long run. Location Audit Khatem al Shaklah is an upcoming area located in the city of Al Ain. Al Ain is one of the developed cities in the state of UAE. It is also the second largest city in Emirates. The place is located near the border of Oman and connected by highways to big cities like Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The rainfall is average in the place and humidity is low, which makes it a favourite destination for holidays, especially during the summers. The place also boasts presence of many green forests and gardens, because of which the city is often termed as Garden city. Khatem al Shaklah is located on the central part of the city and is properly connected to the rest of the city with well built highways. The city of Al Ain is a popular destinatio n for tourist attraction. As most of the other cities in UAE are located in the coastal areas, the humidity is high. Dry weather of the Al Ain city makes it a favourable place for outing and spending holidays. Al Ain has become a major destination for commerce and service industry. This rise of tourists and people settling here from other countries makes it a favourable market for services industry. The city has currently three established malls and shopping centres (Atiyyah, 1997). Apart from the weather, the place is also famous for its historical legacy. The rich culture of Arab has been preserved in many historical and archaeological sites in the city (Nikam, et al, 2004). All the above features make the place an attractive destination for setting up a new heritage site. SWOT Analysis To find out the opportunities and areas of concern, a SWOT analysis has been done for the chosen place. The goal of SWOT analysis is to find out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with the chosen location and strategies to overcome the weaknesses and threats (Piercy and Giles, 1989). Strengths- The major strengths associated with the location are the weather and the historic legacy associated with it (Carlsen and Andersson, 2011). With a normal temperature and rainfall and a lower humidity especially during the summers, the area becomes a major destination place for tourists. The place has also many gardens and green spots which further attract tourists in the desert area. Another strength of the location is the infrastructure, the place is in the central part of the state and is connected with major cities such as Abu Dhabi and Dubai through highways as well as air transport. This makes it easy for the tourists and travellers and ensures a smooth and enjoyable experience for them. Weakness - The weakness of the location can be associated with the political, geographical and variable weather conditions. Even though the place is better than most of the cities of the Emirates in terms of weather, the climate is constantly changing. Sudden sand storms and cold nights are the major issues which tourists face. Also the area is not well promoted as a holiday destination which can be a hindering factor for any new projects in this

Managing Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Managing Information Technology - Essay Example The decomposition process of a system comprises of sub systems that are most likely to form more sub systems. The process of breaking down system in to sub systems simplifies the complexity and thorough understanding of the processes. Moreover, subsystems are also trouble-free to generate, edit or alter. The hierarchical sub system is a procedure to split a system in to succeeding level of sub systems. Five goals are essential for hierarchical decomposition (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009). The goals are (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009): The complexity of the system must be understood at an in depth level. Examine or evaluate only the specific area or part of the system Each sub systems that are interrelated to a system or sub system must be designed and constructed at various times. The focus must be to express the attention of viewers All the components that are related to the system must be independent to operate. References Brown, C.V., DeHayes, D.W, Hoffer, J.A., Martin, W.E., Perkins, W.C. (2009). Managing information technology (6th ed.). Prentice Hall.

Effects of the World War on the Cold War

Effects of the World War on the Cold War This essay will firstly consider the major events of the inter-World War period: the creation of the League of Nations, the role of American isolationism, and the Great Depression and its consequences for Europe. Secondly, it will consider how these events influenced American foreign policy and shaped the American response to the perceived threat of Soviet expansion in Europe in the early post-World War Two period. In the aftermath of World War One, Woodrow Wilson asserted that the best way to ensure world peace was the creation of the League of Nations, a forum where grievances could be heard and debated so that war could be avoided. The main reason for its failure was the subsequent American return to its tradition of isolationism, which was caused by the shock of the war’s brutality as well as indifference to the plight of Europeans. The Great Depression began in 1929 and its effects were felt worldwide. It encouraged extremist and nationalist views among many populations and gave Hitler his opportunity to take power in Germany and reduced the ability of Great Britain and France to maintain security in Europe.[1] Orthodox historians hold that after World War Two the desire of the United States for a new world order based on the rules of the United Nations Charter and Soviet attempts to take control in Europe caused the onset of the Cold War. However, revisionist historians argue that United States policy makers caused the Cold War by failing to differentiate between peripheral and vital interests and unreasonably not allowing a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. As the Soviets had destroyed two thirds of the German army to bring this area under their control the US position can easily be seen as unfair.[2] After the 1917 Bolshevik revolution in Russia, US troops were sent to Russian cities and despite being ordered not to interfere in the ensuing civil war, they did help anti-Communist forces indirectly. This shows that America was apprehensive at best about the Communist takeover in Russia and this combined with the Soviet policy of encouraging the spread of Communism worldwide ensured that Washington refused to establish diplomatic relations with Moscow. This could be seen as the start of the Cold War.[3] In the aftermath of the Second World War it was left to the Soviet Union and the United States to decide how the new world order would be shaped. Americans recalled that they had not taken seriously the threat posed by Hitler during the 1930s and were encouraged to see Stalin as a new Hitler and as a man that must be stopped. American leaders may have been less willing to reason with Soviet demands because they feared that this would be seen as appeasement in America and in Moscow and would only embolden the Soviets. Therefore rather than a return to isolationism and the policy of appeasement that had devastating consequences in relation to Hitler’s Germany the United States resolved to tackling the Soviets in a confrontational manner.[4] George F. Kennan said that for totalitarianism â€Å"there are at least no better examples that Germany and Russia.†[5] The view that the Soviets presented a threat to America was enhanced by the widespread view in America that Soviet military victories in Eastern Europe were acts of aggression rather than a mission of liberation. Soviet security concerns caused by a history of constant invasion from the West were not recognised and the prevailing view was that after conquering the whole of Europe the Soviet Union would challenge the rest of the world.[6] The failure of the League of Nations was attributed mainly to the lack of American commitment to playing a major role in world affairs. Therefore when the United Nations was set-up the United States committed to playing a major role in world affairs. This meant confronting any perceived threat of aggression directly with the hope of stamping out any threat to world peace quickly and put the US on course for a collision with the Soviet Union. This led to the Soviet defensive policy of creating buffer zones defend against possible invasion being misinterpreted in Washington as aggressive behaviour that posed a threat to world peace. The problem with the United Nations was that whilst it was endorsed by all sides, key differences between each side’s respective positions were concealed. Thus many in America believed that the United Nations would be able to ensure world peace but controversial issues such as Eastern Europe were not resolved. This caused a tide of disillusionment with the UN to follow as it failed to live up to its expectations when these controversial issues became crises between the wartime allies.[7] American refusal to grant the Soviet Union a meaningful loan after World War Two, like that given to Great Britain, rejuvenated old Soviet fears and contributed to its uncooperativeness. To grant a loan would have helped heal Soviet economic wounds and dispel fears of another Great Depression therefore reducing the insecurities that lead to aggression. It also would have given a strong base for continued cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union after the wars end.[8] In 1944 United States Secretary of State Hull announced â€Å"A world in economic chaos would be forever a breading ground for trouble and war.†[9] Hull believed that lower barriers to world trade would help sow the seeds of world peace because as classical liberals had long argued commerce is the ‘main bond between nations.’ Americans saw the key to avoiding another depression as guaranteeing markets abroad for their goods and the improvement in the standard of living worldwide that would follow as a way to reduce the likelihood of future war. Soviet refusal to play a role in the Bretton Woods monetary system should have been anticipated and posed a threat to the American belief that war could be prevented through economics.[10] The Cold War was partly caused by the lack of a common enemy that posed a greater threat to the Soviet Union and the United States than they posed to each other. This is because World War Two bankrupted Britain and left Germany and Japan in ruins. This can be seen throughout history that fragile alliances breakdown almost as soon as the common enemy is defeated. In this case the cracks began to appear long before Germany was fully defeated.[11] It could be argued that because of the inherent differences in Soviet and American ideology, the Cold War was inevitable regardless of the actions of statesmen on both sides. This is because the US was determined to see the spread of capitalist democracy as it saw this as the best way to prevent war and the Soviet Union believed that worldwide adoption of Communism was inevitable and that inter state war would be replaced by class war.[12] World War Two caused a shift in United States foreign policy. Previously, most Americans believed that a minimal amount of overseas commitments and alliances as the key to security. However, after World War Two involvement in world affairs rather than isolationism was seen as the key to preventing new wars. The Soviets, however, saw the key to world peace as staying strong themselves and keeping Germany weak rather than Washington’s collective security and increased world trade.[13] The American vision for the post war world was strongly influenced by a preoccupation with the past. Roosevelt was determined to avoid repeating the mistakes that had led to World War Two and so pursued the policies of self-determination, increased world trade, creation of international institutions and unconditional surrender of belligerents. However, he failed to realise the effect that these policies would have on his other main aim of ensuring continued cooperation with the Soviet Union after the end of the war.[14] References Bagby, W. Americas International Relations Since World War I. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Barston, R, ed. International Politics since 1945. Hampshire: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1991. Cole, W. An Interpretive History of American Foreign Relations, Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1968. Gaddis, J. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War 1941-1947. London and New York: Columbia University Press, 1972. Paterson, T. Meeting the Communist Threat : Truman to Reagan. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. 1 Footnotes [1] Cole, W. An Interpretive History of American Foreign Relations, Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1968, pp. 373-380. [2] Bresler, R. ‘The Origins and Development of the Cold War, 1945-58’ in Barston, R, ed. International Politics since 1945. Hampshire: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1991, pg 1. [3] Bagby, W. Americas International Relations Since World War I. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, pg 56. [4] Paterson, T. Meeting the Communist Threat : Truman to Reagan. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, pp. 4-12. [5] Ibid, pg 4. [6] Ibid, pg 11. [7] Gaddis, J. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War 1941-1947. London and New York: Columbia University Press, 1972, pp. 30-31. [8] Paterson, T. Meeting the Communist Threat : Truman to Reagan. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, pp 107-108. [9] Gaddis, J. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War 1941-1947. London and New York: Columbia University Press, 1972, pg 18. [10] Ibid., pp. 18-23. [11] Bagby, W. Americas International Relations Since World War I. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, pg 56, pp. 141-142. [12] Cole, W. An Interpretive History of American Foreign Relations, Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1968, pg 473. [13] Gaddis, J. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War 1941-1947. London and New York: Columbia University Press, 1972, pp. 353-354. [14] Ibid., pg 31.

Prejudice: A Worldwide Problem :: essays research papers

Prejudice: A Worldwide Problem There is a dangerous and often deadly problem in the world today. It reaches beyond political and religious boundaries and spans across all economic and social statuses. It affects the homeless, middleclass, and the richest people in society. The problem is prejudice. In America, when we think of prejudice we often think of it in terms of Black and White. However, prejudice is much more than that. It is a broad term that can encompass things like racism, sexism, and religious persecution. The Encarta World English Dictionary defines prejudice as "a preformed opinion, usually an unfavorable one, based on insufficient knowledge, irrational feelings, or inaccurate stereotypes" and "the holding of opinions that are formed beforehand on the basis of insufficient knowledge". When I read those definitions, I have to wonder why prejudice still exists today. If it really is based on "insufficient knowledge", then it seems to me that there is no logical reason why prejudice is still so prevalent. Throughout our entire lives we are exposed to issues dealing with prejudice. In school we study history, geography, government, and psychology, and at some point in each of those subjects, the issue of prejudice is more than likely discussed. In the corporate world we attend countless classes and seminars on discrimination, and sensitivity training on issues that could be deemed prejudicial. The issues are well known and a vast amount of information is ava ilable on the subject, so how can "insufficient knowledge" and "preformed opinions" still be a factor? I believe it is because when we discuss prejudice or any other similar issue, we tend to discuss it at a societal level as opposed to a personal level. We discuss the history of prejudice and talk about things like slavery in America and Hitler's persecution of the Jews, but we never discuss the prejudice that we, as individuals, experience everyday. Certainly, no one would stand up in a classroom, point a finger at a student, and ask accusatively, "What act of prejudice did you commit today?" That would not be "politically correct". How then, can we bring this issue down to a personal level? Someone once said to me, that if I didn't like jelly donuts, then I was prejudiced. The issue of whether or not I like jelly donuts is not an issue of prejudice, but rather a personal distaste for jelly donuts, based on the fact that I have tried several different types and determined that I do not like them.